※引自 “Hijikata Tatsumi and Ohno Kazuo" 頁113

“死海”(1985)裡的大野慶人 攝影 池上直哉
※引自“Hijikata Tatsumi and Ohno Kazuo” (2006 : 頁52-54,頁57-59)
HIJIKATA’S BUTOH-FU: WHAT IS AN IMAGE?
土方的舞踏譜:何謂意象?
An image is often understood in terms of visual material, pictures, photographs, and figures in paintings, something discernable to the eye, but images are actually much more than this, as the study of butoh reveals—especially the buto-fu of Hijikata. His imagery is drawn from a wide variety of sensory sources, including the appeal of words. “Images,” as the word suggests, come from and also reflect the imagination. Finally in performance, the dance we see and relate to is itself composed of images, movement images, sometimes called dance images, phrases and larger gestalts of movement resulting from choreography or improvisation—as explored extensively in Dance and the Lived Body (Fraleigh, Part 3, “The Dance Image,” 1987). There are many layers of images in butoh, those that inspire the dance, those that animate its metamorphosis, and the actual images that strike the eye and mind of the audience.
對於意象的理解常常是從視覺物件的角度,即圖片,攝影,畫作裡的形體,某種眼睛能辨識之物,然而就如舞踏研究所顯示的,意象事實上遠大於此—尤其是土方的舞踏譜。他的意象汲取自大量不同類別的知覺來源,也包括文字的藉助。“意象” (images),如同這個字已經表明的,既來自也反映著想像(imagination)。最後到了演出,我們看見且連繫上的舞蹈本身就是由意象所組成,即動作形象,有時稱為舞蹈意象,語彙,和出自編排或即興的較長動作結構—這在舞蹈與活過的身體裡已有廣泛地探索(第三部分“舞蹈意象”,作者Fraleigh,1987年出版)。舞踏中存在著許多層面的意象,有的啟發了舞蹈,有的使其形態得到改變,也有的意象真實出現,震撼觀眾的雙眼和心靈。
Nowhere in dance do we find such a rich exposition of imagery than in the work of Hijikata. Hijikata did not perform on stage after 1974. He concentrated on choreographing for others and also worked extensively with Ashikawa Yoko. Gradually he recorded his original dance notation, or system of butoh-fu—sixteen scrapbooks of verbal and visual images for dance based on his experiments with surrealist strategies from poetry, painting, and literature. Kurt Wurmli who has studied the scrapbooks extensively says the eclectic assemblage of visual images in Hijikata’s collection range from prehistoric cave paintings to twentieth century street graffiti, including works from all five continents. “The images are partially or entirely cut out and glued-in reproductions of works of art, nature, architecture, and science in the form of photocopies, prints or hand drawings. In all, they make up a collection of over 500 individual works” (‘Images of Dance and the Dance of Images: A Research Report on Hijikata Tatsumi’s Butoh’(Wurmli): 7-8).
舞蹈世界中沒有任何地方可以找到像在土方的作品裡如此豐富的意象闡述。1974年後土方就不再上台表演。他專注於替其他人編舞並頻繁地與芦川羊子一起工作。逐漸地他記錄下他自己原創的舞蹈記譜,或者可稱作舞踏譜體系—16本剪貼簿包含了供舞蹈所用的語言和視覺意象,這些是建立在他對來自於詩,繪畫,文學,超現實主義者的措施和方法所作的實驗。全面研究過這些剪貼本的Kurt Wurmli說,土方所蒐集的那些不拘一格並匯集起來的視覺意象,範圍可從史前洞穴壁畫到二十世紀的街頭塗鴉,包括了所有五個大陸的作品。“這些意象是將關於藝術、自然、建築、和科學的文件圖片,以複印、印記、和手繪的形式,部分或全部地剪出與貼入後的重製。整個來說,它們是由超過5百件的工作成果所彙集而成。(‘舞蹈的意象與意象的舞蹈:關於土方巽舞踏的研究報告’(Wurmli),頁7-8)
Hijikata’s imagistic style of recording dance provides a basis for present-day understanding of the origins of butoh in surrealist imagery. Wurmli reports that Hijikata did not date his work; thus, the exact time period and order of the books are uncertain. Hijikata started the butoh-fu in the early I 970s and finished them in 1985. They contain Hijikata’s writing, his marks, and the collected visual images. The text itself is handwritten in poetry and phrases, and most of it relates to the visual materials. The marks, mostly in pencil, are lines, circles, arrows and the like, used to emphasize parts of a visual image (Ibid.). We can see from this that Hijikata’s butoh-fu is a collection of highly complex verbal and visual images intended as an illustrated poetic guide for dance movements. For the most part, the images themselves (also called butohfu) do not show exact postures or movements, but leave this open to discovery—except in a few cases where actual photographs of dance are shown.
土方記錄舞蹈的意象式風格提供了今日以超現實主義者的形象化描述來理解舞踏起源的基礎。Wurmli的研究提到土方並沒有替他的作品記下日期;因此,這些簿本的確切時間和順序是不確定的。土方從1970年代初期開始這些舞踏譜而在1985年結束。它們含有土方的書寫,他的記號,以及所蒐集的視覺意象。文本本身是手寫的詩和段落,並且其中絕大多數都與視覺意象有關。那些記號,大都是用鉛筆,則是線條,圈圈,箭頭等等類似之物,用來強調一個視覺意象的某些部分(同上)。從此我們可以看出土方的舞踏譜是高度複雜的語言與視覺意象彙集,用意是為舞蹈動作提供圖解並具詩意的指引。絕大部分而言,這些意象本身(也被稱作舞踏譜)並不顯示明確的姿勢或動作,而是將這點開放讓人探索—除了一些附有實際舞蹈照片的少數情況。

土方的舞踏譜 “糖果溶化". 版權:土方巽資料庫
WORDS THAT DANCE: OHNO’S IMAGES
跳舞的文字:大野的意象
The essential thing in dance is that it haunts and clings to your body the same way that your lifelong experience has.
(Ohno Kazuo)
舞蹈關鍵之處在於它能纏住並緊附在你的身體如同你畢生活過的經驗所作的一般。
(大野一雄)
As we noted earlier, a butoh-fu is not a set of instructions or method on how to do butoh. The literal meaning of fu is a chronicle or history, therefore any dancers’ spoken or written chronicles of their process, in whatever form, is their butoh-fu. According to the Ohno Kazuo Archive in Yokohama, there are a very large number of Ohno’s butoh-fu in existence currently being categorized at the archive. The archive is not yet open to the public.
就像我們先前指出的,舞踏譜並非一套關於如何作出舞踏的指示或方法。譜的字面意義是編年或歷史,所以任何舞者對他們的歷程所說出或寫下的記事,不論任何形式,就是他們的舞踏譜。據橫濱的大野一雄資料庫(Ohno Kazuo Archive)所言,存在著非常大量的大野舞踏譜,正於資料庫裡分類編目中。資料庫目前尚未對大眾開放。
Ohno’s words in butoh-fu and workshop talks are in essays, poems, and notes that he prepares for performances and workshops.
大野在舞踏譜和工作坊談話裡的言語是他為了準備演出和工作坊而作的短文,詩句,及筆記。
Hand
When does it come?
Where does it come from?
Whose hand?
The invisible hand that respond to words
(Essence of eroticism).
Ohno’s butoh-fu for “Episode for the Creation of Genesis"
–Part of his performance in The Dead Sea(1985)
手
它什麼時候會來?
它會從什麼地方過來?
是誰的手?
是看不見的手在回應這些字句
(愛欲的精髓)
大野一雄為"創世紀" —作品"死海"
(1985)中的一幕所寫的舞踏譜
The butoh-fu above represents the type of short poems Ohno writes on the blackboard or pieces of paper in his dance studio when he is practicing for a dance. He jots words down in the form of ideas and rough sketches on specific themes during the course of his daily life as they come to him.
以上的舞踏譜代表著當大野在他的舞蹈工作室練習一段舞蹈時會在黑板或紙張上寫下的短詩型式。在他日常生活的過程中一旦感覺出現,他就會快速記下這些出於靈感的文字以及對於特定主題概略性的草稿。

大野的舞踏譜 ,他的親手筆跡和記號. 版權:大野一雄資料庫
A Message from Kazuo Ohno on International Dance Day in 1998
1998年國際舞蹈日來自大野一雄的訊息
A Message to the Universe
給宇宙的訊息
On the verge of death one revisits the joyful moments of a lifetime.
One’s eyes are opened wide-gazing into the palm, seeing death, life, joy and sorrow with a sense of tranquility.
This daily studying of the soul, is this the beginning of the journey?
I sit bewildered in the playground of the dead. Here I wish to dance and dance and dance and dance, the life of the wild grass.
I see the wild grass, I am the wild grass, I become one with the universe. That metamorphosis is the cosmology and studying of the soul.
In the abundance of nature I see the foundation of dance. Is this because my soul wants to physically touch the truth?
When my mother was dying I caressed her hair all night long without being able to speak one word of comfort. Afterwards, I realized that I was not taking care of her, but that she was taking care of me.
The palms of my mother’s hands are precious wild grass to me.
I wish to dance the dance of wild grass to the utmost of my heart.
臨近死亡的邊緣,人會重新來到一生中那些喜悅的時刻。
他的眼睛會睜得大大地凝視著掌心,以一種平靜的感受看見死亡、生命、 喜悅、與哀傷。
每天這樣地研讀著靈魂,這是否就是旅程的開始?
我迷惑地坐在死者的遊樂場裡。我渴望能在這裡跳舞、跳舞、跳舞、不停地跳舞,就像野草的生命一樣。
我看見了野草,我就是野草,我與宇宙成為一體的。像這樣徹底的質變即是靈魂的宇宙定律,也是它自身的研習歷程。
在大自然蓬勃豐饒之處,我看到了舞蹈的根基。這是因為我的靈魂想要用這身體確實地碰觸到真理嗎?
在我的母親將要過世時,整個晚上我只能撫摸她的頭髮,一句安慰的話都說不出來。之後我才明白,當時並不是我在照顧她,反而仍是她仍在照顧著我。
對我而言,我母親的手掌心就是珍貴無比的野草。
我渴望能舞出野草之舞,這是我心最大的願望。
譯自"Hijikata Tatsumi and
Kazuo Ohno" (2006:p59)
舞踏的核心是Eros…然而是哪一種? 到了何種層次?
僅指出Eros但沒有加以界定, 會讓對舞踏的瞭解甚至其發展限制在Marquis de Sade和Georges Bataille的範圍, 輕忽掉舞踏第三脈絡已達成的境地, 包括土方巽本人的.(可參考他的演出http://youtu.be/vetSYKychwI 所用的音樂是 Joseph Canteloube的"Bailero",牧羊女之歌)
本文也沒有成功界定出什麼, 那需要融會運用大量的大野一雄和土方巽資料. 然而即使做到了這點, 未必就等於瞭解舞踏, 因為身體裡靈魂裡那股特殊頻率的振動還不夠深, 還不夠充足. 許多知名舞踏者雖然擁有振動, 但並無法對焦到那頻率.
這就是為什麼大野一雄先生值得更多的探索和學習. 如果你真正看懂了他在表演時例如上面那段影片的狀態, 你就會感受到那種振動, 並發現那樣的振動就是最精華的Eros, 既是生命地底的撼動也是靈魂天際的開啟.
這就是為什麼, 大野一雄先生值得那麼多人的愛.
「舞踏的根源是愛」
大野一雄 “魂の糧” (1999:p113)
敘述者:大野慶人(Yoshito Ohno)
無論如何只要是一個人,它就是不完整的。歸根究抵,人類就是一種不完整的存在。
舉例來說,土方巽(Tatsumi Hijikata)總是強調舞蹈中形式的重要性;他相信只要重視結構與編排,其中的內容隨後就會自行出現。以他自己的話來說,“生命總會趕上形式。”然而另一方面,大野一雄認為:只有在具有精神內涵作為開始的情況下,形式才會自己產生。雖然這二種途徑聽起來都很正確,但同一個人要同時執行這兩種如此衝突的方式幾乎是不可能的。
類似的戲劇性緊張狀態標示了我與我父親之間的工作關係。大野一雄的確將舞蹈的精神層面賦予了最高的重要性。大野一雄一向都是讓靈魂帶領著動作。對他而言,身體的動作絕對依賴於一個精神性的存在。相反地,我和他一起演出時,始終更為看重身體性的層面,盡可能地專注在舞蹈所採用的形式上。
關於我們二人途徑的不同有個很好的例子。那是發生在我們到東京的FM Hall,由鋼琴家Miyake Haruna伴奏演出『白蓮』的時候。舞台上擺著一座大鋼琴,它優美的弧線強烈地震撼了我,因此想利用它攝人的形體成為視覺上的背幕。然而大野一雄一如往常,不會有任何這類的想法。他說他要更自由地舞蹈,絕對不被他認為是無關緊要的道具所限制。
但我仍抱持相反立場,下定決心要讓那美麗的造型在這場舞台空間裡發揮作用。那時我想著:“可惡,如果大野一雄不想用這台鋼琴作為背景跳舞,那麼,我自己跳!”
還有,我們對空間的概念是截然不同的。大野一雄傾向於佔滿整個場景空間;他會自由地運用觀眾席,走道,地板,座位,或者任何他認為適合用來創造他的宇宙的地方中跳舞。而我,相反地,是在舞台範圍內的限定區域裡舞蹈。不過我將此點看作是我們工作關係上有正面價值的特色,因為對於與空間的關聯持著相對的觀點和方式只會更為豐富我們的作品。
大野一雄時常引用伊曼紐‧斯威登堡(Emanuel Swedenborg)的故事裡的一對夫妻。儘管他們天生就很不一樣,個性常常互相衝突,然而在他們將要離開這世間的那一刻,二人轉變為一致,並且結合成天堂裡一位單一的天使。我跟大野一雄在舞臺上的關係多少也可以這樣形容。即使各自擁有不同的特質,我們仍然成功地融合成一個整體,一個更大的整體。然而到了最後,就要踏上舞台之時,我們都能理解彼此分開的個體必須合在一起了。
儘管我們一起演出,但不會試圖去搶彼此的戲,或者想一較高下。然後在我們兩人的演出中彷彿創造出一個世界、單一的存在。
英譯本:
Irrespective of how accomplished or talented one may be, one inevitably remains incomplete without some form of interaction with others. Tatsumi Hijikata, for instance, always stressed the importance of form in dance; he believed that once the structure and choreography had been established, the content would subsequently emerge of itself. In his own words, “Life catches up with form.” Kazuo, on the other hand, even to this very day, holds the diametrically opposite view:form comes of itself, only insofar as there is a spiritual content to begin with. While both approaches sound like viable working practices, one and the same person could never employ such conflicting methods.
A similar dramatic tension underlines my working relationship with my father. It is Kazuo who places the utmost significance on the spiritual aspect of dance. For him, movement is utterly dependent on a spiritual presence. I, on the other hand, invariably emphasize the most physical aspects; I concentrate in as much as possible on the form dance assumes.
A good illustration of our differing approaches could be seen in when we performed A White Lotus in Bloom at Tokyo’s FM Hall accompanied by the pianist Miyake Haruna. There was a grand piano onstage, whose beautiful curved lines struck me forcefully. I wanted to try to incorporate its arresting shape into the visual backdrop. Yet Kazuo, in typical fashion, wouldn’t have anything of the sort. He said he wanted to dance more freely and not be in any way constrained by what he considered an unnecessary prop. Though our opinions openly clashed on this issue, I nonetheless was determined to avail of its beautiful shape in the scenic space. I thought to myself at the same time: “If Kazuo isn’t going to dance with that piano in the background, well then, damm it, I will!”
Also, our conceptions of space clearly differ: Kazuo is inclined to take advantage of the entire scenic space; he freely utilizes the auditorium, the aisles, the floor, the seats, or wherever he deems fit to create his universe. I, on the other hand, dancein a restricted area within the confines of the stage. But I consider this is a positive feature of our working relationship, in that having contrasting viewpoints and ways of relating to space only enriches our work.
Also, our conceptions of space clearly differ: Kazuo is inclined to take advantage of the entire scenic space; he freely utilizes the auditorium, the aisles, the floor, the seats, or wherever he deems fit to create his universe. I, on the other hand, dancein a restricted area within the confines of the stage. But I consider this is a positive feature of our working relationship, in that having contrasting viewpoints and ways of relating to space only enriches our work.
Kazuo frequently quotes from Swendenborg’s tale of a man and wife who, despite their inherently different, and often clashing personalities, went on to become reconciled and united as a single angel in heaven on their departure from this world.23 Our relationship onstage could be described in somewhat similar terms. While having separate identities and completely opposite approaches both to rehearsal and performance, we nonetheless successfully merge into a larger whole. And yet we somehow manage to retain our individual voices. Ultimately though, when it comes to setting foot onstage, we both realize that our separate identities must merge as one.
We don’t try to upstage each other or engage in rivalry. Notwithstanding that we are two individuals, with very independent streaks, the public is left with the impression that we jointly strive to create a single entity in our work.
土方巽の大野一雄との出会いとそれに土方が執着してきた意味である。土方二十一歳、秋田から初めて上京のおり、彼は大野一雄の舞台を観た。大野四十二歳、神田共立講堂での第一回大野一雄舞踏公演『鬼哭』『タンゴ』『リルゲ‧菩提樹の初花が』について土方はこう書いている。
『東京で〈昭和〉二十三年の秋不思議な舞台に出合った。シミーズをつけた男がこぼれる程の抒情味湛えて踊るのである頻りに顎で空間を切り乍ら感動はながく尾を引いた。この劇薬のダンスは何年たっても私の脳裡から消すことは出来なかった』(「中の素朴/素材」『美貌の青空』所収)。
土方巽和大野一雄的相遇是土方巽開始其執著的緣由。土方巽21歲時,第一次從秋田至東京觀賞了大野一雄的表演。關於這場大野一雄42歲時,於神田共立講堂舉辦的第一回大野一雄舞踏公演《鬼哭》、《Tango》、《Rilke・菩提樹的初花》,土方巽寫下了:
「昭和23年的秋天,在東京與一場不可思議的表演相逢了。一個穿著襯裙的男人,滿溢著抒情,讓情感自然流瀉而出地舞著。他在頻繁地用下顎將空間切割的同時,亦能把感動的餘韻延續。這如同毒藥般的舞蹈,不論經過多少年仍在我腦中揮之不去。」(出自「中の素朴/素材」『美貌の青空』)
大野慶人訪談紀錄 採訪者:中村文昭
When Hijikata asked me what I thought of my father’s dance, I answered with certainty that his dance is modaan dansu (modern dance). Hijikata nodded in total agreement with me. Ohno Kazuo’s dance doesn’t have to be butoh. His dance cannot be called Japanese aging beauty or wabi sabi. Ohno Kazuo has to be lively forever. He has to be modaan.
當土方問我怎麼看我父親的舞蹈時,我肯定地回答他的舞是“現代舞”.土方十分同意地對我點頭.大野一雄的舞蹈並不一定得是舞踏.他的舞也不能稱作日本式的蒼老之美,或是素雅之寂靜(wabi sabi).大野一雄必定永遠飽滿著生命力.他必須是“現代的”.
What Hijikata Tatsumi saw in Ohno Kazuo’s body is shigen [natural resource], something he had never seen in any stage art but something he had seen in his own body. Hijikata called what he saw in Ohno Kazuo’s body Ankoku Butoh.
土方巽在大野一雄的身體裡所看見的是某種天然礦脈,天然能源,某種他從未在任何舞台藝術上看過,卻是在他自己的身體裡見過的東西.土方將他在大野一雄的身體裡所看到的稱為暗黑舞踏(Ankoku Butoh).
舞踏在土方巽和大野一雄之間所出現的進展,首先就是大野慶人本人.
雖是大野一雄先生的兒子,慶人先生的舞踏啟蒙卻來自土方巽。1959年首演以及1960年細江英公的影片,皆是由大野慶人與土方巽一起演出。1977年,大野一雄推出首部個人舞踏作品,自此之後的二十多年大野慶人始終都是大野一雄臺上臺下最重要的夥伴,一般也都認為大野一雄家發展出了不同於土方巽體系的表演風格與作品方向。
然而,土方巽體系和土方巽自身是否就能劃上等號?從1977到1985年大野一雄的新作皆是由土方巽負責導演(土方巽先生於1986年去世),田中泯和更早期的笠井叡也都有自己的身體型式。另外,土方巽60年代的幾部作品以及他在個人獨舞段落中所展現出來的感覺,皆與我們慣有的白妝、蟹足、恐怖作嘔等舞踏印象不盡相同。當然,暗黑舞踏和舞踏譜的代表芦川羊子,和粟由紀夫,大駱駝艦等也都是出自土方巽。
要真正瞭解什麼是舞踏,必須完整審視土方巽一生的每個階段,並且涵蓋所有受到他影響的舞踏者—有些僅得形式,與其精神越行越遠,有些則領會了本質,甚至呈現出土方巽未及碰觸,藏在心裡的舞踏。
或許,更重要的是你所關切的,所具備的是什麼!!
如果你有類似土方巽在飢寒中長成的穿透力,無時不瞥見遍佈在空間與人身中詭異的秘密,那樣的力量就可撞擊到身體底層,迸發出Eros,原始能量,衝破世間與神靈界的區隔和禁忌。
如果你像大野一雄一樣幼時享有美學薰陶,青年即受宗教洗禮,之後卻有近十年的歲月在戰場上遍歷死亡,於是生與死,喜樂與苦難,將會洶湧地在全身流動並交匯入心,對於天地萬物莫不生起誠摯的感動。
如果你是大野慶人,領受了土方巽和大野一雄兩種靈魂的教導並融會貫通,那麼種種藝術和生命的原則都會了然於心,既可在工作坊裡向學生們道出禪僧仙厓的圓圈,三角,和四方,也能巧思構成2010年與Pina Bausch資深舞者的合演;既有面對未來的遼闊視野,又能保存舞踏創始時的強韌與純真。
每一位舞踏者都會形成自己的舞踏,然而只有認真回溯至源頭,所獲得的舞踏才會純粹和新鮮,不但能將已揭露的奧秘傳承下去,而且還發現更多。
我們都是自己的光,然而那樣的光並不屬於我們的,也不是屬於大野慶人,大野一雄,或土方巽的;那樣的光穿過所有真誠的舞踏者,回歸宇宙深處的黑暗—在那裡光與黑暗已合為一體而無法分別。那是種無所依止、永恆,寂靜,同時創造著無限。
作者:Satyana (謝明志,桑雅劇場負責人)
紀念大野一雄冥誕
記者何定照 /台北報導
日本舞踏名家大野一雄6月1日辭世,震驚不少大野迷,曾兩度赴日參與大野一雄舞踏研究所的桑雅劇場負責人謝明志,將在10月27日大野一雄冥誕前,進行系列活動,讓大家更了解大野一雄,並呈現大野精神的「花落與重生」。
系列活動從10月16日文山公民會館大野影片導覽開場,17日有講座對談:23日在牯嶺街小劇場舉辦體驗工作坊,將帶領觀眾練習大野一雄舞踏要領,24日有經驗分享,以及大野一雄學生及舞踏工作者的現場交流。
10月27日大野一雄冥誕當天,將在桑雅劇場排練室整晚播放大野一雄的影像資料,並安排音樂演奏、舞踏表演及討論分享,28至31日也天天有紀念活動,包括以大野一雄先生的舞踏理念、經驗、和作品為方向的團體創作。
11月6日及7日,桑雅將在苗栗三義藝術村舉辦大野一雄資料展示和影片講座、地景藝術與舞踏的交流。所有活動詳洽http://blog.yam.com/sannyas。
[自由時報 2010,10,25]
日舞踏宗師大野一雄紀念活動